Surgical scissors and method for the manufacture of surgical scissors Posted on May 5, 2012 1. Surgical scissors, comprising: two scissor blades, each of which is made entirely of the same steel material, said scissor blades being mounted for pivotal movement relative to each other about a pivot axis and having one cutting edge each, said scissor blades having proximally of the pivot axis one steel sliding surface area each, said steel sliding surface areas sliding along each other and said scissor blades contacting each other distally of the pivot axis at a moving point of contact of the cutting edges sliding along each other when the scissors are opened and closed, and at least one of the cutting edges being provided with a hard material coating, wherein: the two steel sliding surface areas have a first hard material coating-free surface comprising said steel material of said corresponding scissor blade; and the entire scissor blades are provided with the hard material coating except for the steel sliding surface areas having the hard material coating-free surface. 2. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein: the two scissor blades are held together by a connecting screw having a screw head and defining the pivot axis, an area of one of the scissor blades in contact with an underside of the screw head forms a contact surface corresponding substantially to a shape and surface of the underside of the screw head, and the contact surface has a second hard material coating-free surface or a surface which has a hard material coating and is polished smooth. 3. Scissors in accordance with claim 2, wherein at least one of the first and the second hard material coating-free surface has a high surface quality. 4. Scissors in accordance with claim 2, wherein at least one of the first and the second hard material coating-free surface is produced by removing a hard material coating and high-gloss polishing the scissor blades. 5. Scissors in accordance with claim 2, wherein a shape of the second hard material coating-free surface is substantially annular. 6. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one of the two cutting edges is made of a hard metal. 7. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein the hard material coating is titanium-nitride (TiN), titanium-carbon-nitride (TiCN), titanium-aluminium-nitride (TiAlN) or a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating. 8. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein the first hard material coating-free surface of the sliding surface areas extends fully or substantially fully over an inner side of the scissor blades, each of which includes the sliding surface area with the hard material coating-free surface and points in a direction towards the other scissor blade. 9. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein a shape of the sliding surface areas with the first hard material coating-free surface is substantially rectangular. 10. Scissors in accordance with claim 1, wherein a connecting screw and/or eye rings of the scissors arranged at proximal ends of the scissor blades are gold-plated or provided with a titanium-nitride (TiN) coating. 11. Method for the manufacture of surgical scissors, comprising: mounting two scissor blades for pivotal movement relative to each other about a pivot axis, each of said scissor blades being made entirely of the same steel material, providing each scissor blade with one cutting edge each, said scissor blades having proximally of the pivot axis one steel sliding surface area each, said steel sliding surface areas sliding along each other and said scissor blades contacting each other distally of the pivot axis at a moving point of contact of the cutting edges sliding along each other when the scissors are opened and closed, and providing at least one of the cutting edges with a hard material coating, wherein: surfaces of the two steel sliding surface areas are manufactured so as to be hard material coating-free; and the entire scissor blades are provided with the hard material coating except for the steel sliding surface areas having a hard material coating-free surface comprising said steel material of said corresponding scissor blade. 12. Method in accordance with claim 11, wherein: the two scissor blades are held together by a connecting screw comprising a screw head and defining the pivot axis, an area of one of the scissor blades in contact with an underside of the screw head forms a contact surface corresponding substantially to a shape and surface of the underside of the screw head, and the contact surface is manufactured so as to be hard material coating-free or is provided with a hard material coating and subsequently polished smooth. 13. Method in accordance with claim 12, wherein the surface of the contact surface is covered prior to application of the hard material coating to the scissors. 14. Method in accordance with any claim 12, wherein at least one of the connecting screw and eye rings of the scissors arranged at proximal ends of the scissor blades are gold-plated or provided with a titanium-nitride (TiN) coating. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to surgical scissors with two scissor blades mounted for pivotal movement relative to each other about a pivot axis and having one cutting edge each, the scissor blades having proximally of the pivot axis one sliding surface area each, the sliding surface areas sliding along each other and the scissor blades contacting each other distally of the pivot axis at a moving point of contact of the cutting edges sliding along each other when the scissors are opened and closed, and at least one of the cutting edges being provided with a hard material coating. The present invention further relates to a method for the manufacture of surgical scissors with two scissor blades mounted for pivotal movement relative to each other about a pivot axis and having one cutting edge each, the scissor blades having proximally of the pivot axis one sliding surface area each, the sliding surface areas sliding along each other and the scissor blades contacting each other distally of the pivot axis at a moving point of contact of the cutting edges sliding along each other when the scissors are opened and closed, and at least one of the cutting edges being provided with a hard material coating. A hard material coating within the meaning of this application is to be understood as a coating whose hardness is significantly increased in comparison with a base material forming the scissor blades. It is not to be understood as ceramic coating or coating applied by welding. Surgical scissors of the kind described at the outset are used in order to increase a service life of the scissors in comparison with uncoated scissors. This is achieved, in particular, by at least one of the cutting edges being provided with a single-layer or multi-layer hard material coating, applied, for example, by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In particular, titanium-nitride can be applied in a vacuum chamber by evaporating titanium in a nitrogen plasma. Of course, both cutting edges may also be provided with a hard material coating. Furthermore, it is known that the scissor blades mounted on each other under initial tension contact each other at at least two points or areas when the scissors are opened and closed. These are, firstly, a moving point of contact of the cutting blades sliding along each other and, secondly, a point of contact or a contact surface of the sliding surface areas of the two scissor blades that slide along each other. The initial tension between the scissor blades required for the cutting can only be maintained on a long-term basis if not only wear at the cutting edges is minimized but also wear at the sliding surface areas that slide along each other. The object of the present invention is, therefore, to so improve surgical scissors of the kind described at the outset that their service life is further increased. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This object is accomplished with surgical scissors of the kind described at the outset, in accordance with the invention, in that at least one of the two sliding surface areas has a first hard material coating-free surface. Owing to this special type of coating, in particular, in the case of scissors provided completely with a hard material coating, the applied particles of the coating, when attacked, for example, by chemicals, are prevented from mutually acting as abrasive agents owing to their extreme inherent hardness and the sliding surface areas of both scissor blades from becoming worn down as a result. As a negative consequence of the wear the initial tension of the scissors decreases in an undesired manner in the course of time. The wear in the area of the cutting edges is indeed reduced, in particular, by applying a hard material coating to both cutting edges and both sliding surface areas, but it is increased at the sliding surface areas. The present invention remedies this by the two sliding surface areas that slide along each other having different surfaces. Owing to the one sliding surface area having a surface provided with a hard material coating, and the other sliding surface area having a first hard material coating-free surface, the two sliding surface areas can no longer affect each other mutually, whereby wear of the sliding surface areas is minimized. As a positive consequence of this, the initial tension of the scissors is maintained for a longer time than with known scissors, so that all in all the service life of the scissors is increased. The service life of the scissors may be further increased by both sliding surface areas having a hard material coating-free surface. It can thus be avoided that in the most unfavorable case a surface with a hard material coating and a surface without a hard material coating, which do not have good sliding properties, will encounter each other. Furthermore, in the case of scissors of the kind described at the outset, it may be advantageous for at least one of the two sliding surface areas to have a surface provided with a hard material coating, which is polished smooth. Such a design makes it possible for the entire scissors, i. e., all its surfaces, to be provided with a hard material coating. An increased service life is achieved in that owing to the smooth polishing of the hard material coating a decrease in friction is achieved in at least one of the two sliding surface areas and wear is thereby reduced when using the scissors. It would also be conceivable to provide the other sliding surface area with a hard material coating-free surface. It is expedient for both sliding surface areas to have a surface provided with a hard material coating, which is polished smooth. If, for example, the entire scissors are provided with a hard material coating, wear can then be further minimized when both sliding surface areas have a surface of particularly high quality owing to the smooth polishing of the hard material coating. Both friction and wear are thereby avoided and the service life of the scissors increased. In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the two scissor blades are held together by a connecting screw having a screw head and defining the pivot axis, that the scissor blade contacting an underside of the screw head forms a contact surface corresponding substantially to the shape and surface of the underside, and that the contact surface has a second hard material coating-free surface or a surface which has a hard material coating and is polished smooth. This design has the advantage that wear of the scissor blade sliding along the underside of the screw head is additionally reduced, with the positive consequence that the initial tension of the scissors is maintained for a longer time. This, in turn, results in prolongation of the service life, so that cost-intensive servicing and regrinding phases are considerably prolonged. It is expedient for at least one of the two cutting edges to be made of a hard metal. Preferably, both cutting edges are made of a hard metal. It is particularly easy for scissor blades with such cutting edges to be provided with a hard material coating by chemical vapor deposition. In addition, they insure a basic hardness of the cutting edges and hence a minimum stability of the scissors. It is advantageous for the hard material coating to be titanium-nitride (TiN), titanium-carbon-nitride (TiCN), titanium-aluminium-nitride (TiAIN) or a diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating. In particular, one sliding surface area and one or even both of the cutting edges can be provided with the hard material coating. It would also be possible to provide both scissor portions completely with a hard material coating, and the same or also a different hard material coating would be conceivable for both scissor portions. The aforementioned examples for hard material coatings do not constitute an exclusive list. In principle, other kinds of hard material coatings are also possible. The aforementioned single or multiple coatings increase the service life many times over in comparison with uncoated scissors and thus increase the thermal and also the chemical stability with hardnesses which clearly exceed those of hardened steel. The friction and hence the wear of parts of the scissors sliding along one another is further reduced when the one first and/or the one second hard material coating-free surface has a high surface quality. In particular, when the aforementioned surfaces are particularly smooth, friction is minimized, irrespective of how the further surface sliding along the hard material coating-free surface is coated. It is advantageous for the one first and/or the one second hard material coating-free surface to be produced by removing a hard material coating and high-gloss polishing the one scissor blade. In particular, in the case of scissor blades completely provided with a hard material coating, a wear-reducing sliding surface area can thus be produced in a simple way. The scissor blade can be completely provided with the hard material coating in a first operation and then worked on at the sliding surface area in a second operation by the hard material coating being removed at this point and the scissor blade being high-gloss polished. It is also conceivable to reduce the friction by the one first and/or the one second hard material coating-free surface being formed by a slide layer applied to the one scissor blade. This has the advantage that a hard material coating need not necessarily be removed, but the slide layer can be applied directly. The slide layer expediently comprises a ceramic material. A ceramic material is particularly wear-resistant and can be applied, for example, in the form of a lamina, in particular, by adhesive bonding to the scissor blade. Insertion of the ceramic material with positive locking in a corresponding recess of the scissor blade would also be conceivable. The slide layer is preferably applied to the scissor blade in the form of a lamina forming the one sliding surface area. This makes it possible to produce the scissor blades in a simple way, and to select the sliding surface area or its surface individually in dependence upon the chosen hard material coating and to apply it to the one scissor blade. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention it can be provided that the slide layer is formed by a slide layer material which is adapted to be welded on and polished after the welding-on and which is polished after the slide layer material has been applied. This has the advantage that the slide layer is joinable even optimally to the scissor blade. In any case, it is made significantly more difficult for the slide layer or its surface to become detached from the scissor blade. In addition, after application of the slide layer, it can, if required, be worked on and given a desired shape. Manufacture of the scissors is further simplified when the slide layer material is steel. Steel can be welded on particularly well. It is advantageous for the first hard material coating-free surface of the one sliding surface area to extend fully or substantially fully over an inner side of the one scissor blade, which includes the sliding surface area with the hard material coating-free surface and points in the direction towards the other scissor blade. This simplifies manufacture of the scissors. For example, the entire inner surface can be covered prior to coating the scissor blade. It would also be conceivable to cover only the sliding surface area prior to application of the hard material coating. Furthermore, this also has the advantage that the cutting edges can in a simple way have different surfaces. In particular, when using the scissors as electrosurgical instrument, a current can then be conducted via one scissor blade, for example, and the two cutting edges can be electrically insulated from each other. The design of the scissors is further simplified when the shape of the sliding surface area with the first hard material coating-free surface is substantially rectangular. In addition, in the case of scissors otherwise completely provided with a hard material coating, the hard material coating-free surface can in this way be minimized, so that the scissor blades are protected particularly well, for example, against aggressive chemicals. It is expedient for the shape of the second hard material coating-free surface to be substantially annular. In this way, only a minimal surface has to be made hard material coating-free. Since, in particular, the part of the screw head lying against the scissor blade is annular, an annular hard material coating-free surface is, therefore, adequate to minimize the wear between the connecting screw and the scissor blade lying against it. The scissors as a whole are optimally protected against outer influences, in particular, against aggressive chemicals, when the entire scissors are provided with the hard material coating except for the sliding surface area having a hard material coating-free surface. In addition, this makes it possible to dye scissor blades made of hard metal in a desired manner. For example, a titanium-nitride coating forms a gold-colored surface, a titanium-carbon-nitride coating a violet/gray surface, a titanium-aluminium-nitride coating a blue/gray surface and a diamond-like carbon coating (DLC) a dark gray surface. Thus, the scissors may, for example, be dyed in accordance with the purpose for which they are to be used, without having to forgo the advantages of a hard material coating. In accordance with a further preferred embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the one scissor blade is completely or substantially completely provided with the hard material coating, and that the other scissor blade is completely made of a material having a hard material coating-free surface. This design makes it possible to select an optimum material combination for both scissor blades in accordance with the purpose for which the scissors are to be used. Furthermore, only one of the two scissor blades need be coated, which helps to reduce both the manufacturing expenditure and the manufacturing costs. It is expedient for the material from which the other scissor blade is made to be a ceramic material or a high-gloss polished metal with a hard metal insert. In particular, in order to identify the type of scissors and to reduce wear thereof by an operator, it may be advantageous for the connecting screw and/or eye rings of the scissors arranged at proximal ends of the scissor blades to be gold-plated or provided with a titanium-nitride (TiN) coating. The object stated at the outset is accomplished with a method of the kind described at the outset for the manufacture of surgical scissors, in accordance with the invention, by a surface of at least one sliding surface area being manufactured so as to be hard material coating-free. As described above, in this way wear of the sliding surface areas sliding along each other is minimized, whereby the initial tension of the scissor blades movably mounted on each other can be maintained for a particularly long time. Wear can be further minimized by both sliding surface areas being manufactured so as to be hard material coating-free. Thus, two hard material coating-free sliding surface areas can slide along each other when the scissors are opened and closed, which minimizes both friction and wear. Furthermore, it is advantageous when in a method of the kind described at the outset a surface of at least one sliding surface area is provided with a hard material coating, and when this surface is polished smooth after application of the hard material coating. Smooth polishing of the hard material coating results in a high-quality surface, which has a wear- and friction-reducing effect when the sliding surface areas slide along each other. This can also increase the service life of the scissors. It would be conceivable to make the other sliding surface area hard material coating-free. It is also advantageous for surfaces of both sliding surface areas to be provided with a hard material coating and for the surfaces to be polished smooth after application of the hard material coating. In this way, wear of the sliding surface areas is further minimized and, therefore, the service life of the scissors further increased. The method can be further improved in a simple way when the entire scissors or substantially the entire scissors are provided with a hard material coating, and when the hard material coating of the surface of the other sliding surface area is removed by polishing. It is advantageous for the surface of the other sliding surface area to be covered prior to application of the hard material coating to the scissors. In particular, in the case of a hard material coating which is very hard, the removal of the hard material coating after its application by grinding or polishing can involve a great deal of expenditure. Therefore, the covering of the sliding surface area allows only those surface areas of the scissor blade or blades which are to be provided with a hard material coating, for example, by chemical vapor deposition, to be provided with such a coating. It is expedient for the two scissor blades to be held together by a connecting screw comprising a screw head and defining the pivot axis, for the scissor blade contacting an underside of the screw head to form a contact surface corresponding substantially to the shape and surface of the underside, and for the surface of the contact surface to be manufactured so as to be hard material coating-free or to be provided with a hard material coating and subsequently polished smooth. Wear in the area of the pivot axis between the connecting screw and the scissor blade contacting it is thereby minimized, so that the initial tension of the scissors is maintained longer, which results in a significantly prolonged service life of the scissors. In order to give the scissors a uniform appearance and also to protect them as a whole particularly well against outer influences, in particular, aggressive chemicals or the like, it is expedient for the entire scissors or substantially the entire scissors to be provided with a hard material coating, and for the hard material coating of the surface of the contact surface to be removed by polishing. It is particularly simple to manufacture the scissors in this way. It is advantageous for the surface of the contact surface to be covered prior to application of the hard material coating to the scissors. In this way, one method step in the manufacture of the scissors can be dispensed with, namely removal of the hard material coating of the surface of the contact surface by grinding or polishing after application of the hard material coating, for example, by chemical vapor deposition. It is particularly easy and quick for an operator to recognize the type of scissors when the connecting screw and/or eye rings of the scissors arranged at proximal ends of the scissor blades are gold-plated or provided with a titanium-nitride (TiN) coating. Furthermore, corrosion of the correspondingly coated parts of the scissors, which may occur, in particular, when cleaned or used by an operator, can be prevented. The following description of preferred embodiments of the invention serves in conjunction with the drawings to explain the invention in greater detail DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 shows surgical scissors generally designated by reference numeral 10 with two scissor halves, namely the upper scissor portion 14 and the lower scissor portion 16, mounted pivotably on each other by means of a connecting screw 12. Scissor blades 18 and 20 of the upper scissor portion 14 and the lower scissor portion 16, respectively, are curved in a direction pointing away from a longitudinal axis 22 of the scissors 10. At the proximal side of the connecting screw 12, which defines a pivot axis 24, elongate shafts 26 and 28 of the upper scissor portion 14 and the lower scissor portion 16, respectively, extend parallel to each other and abuttingly on each other when the scissors 10 are closed. Eye rings 30 and 32, which are gold-plated up to a boundary line 34, adjoin proximal ends of the shafts 26 and 28. The connecting screw 12 is also gold-plated. Apart from the eye rings 30 and 32 and the connecting screw 12, both upper scissor portion 14 and lower scissor portion 16 of the scissors 10 are provided with a hard material coating of titanium-aluminium-nitride. In particular, this serves to reduce wear at cutting edges 36 and 38 of the scissor blades 18 and 20. However, in order to also reduce the wear in the so-called “between” (intermediate portion) 40 of the scissors 10, there is provided at the proximal side of the pivot axis 24 on the upper scissor portion 14 and also on the lower scissor portion 16 a sliding surface area 42 of substantially rectangular shape, which is free of a coating of hard material. Upon opening and closing the scissors 10, upper scissor portion 14 and lower scissor portion 16 contact each other not only at a moving point of contact 44 of the cutting edges 36 and 38 sliding along each other, but also in the between 40, more specifically, in the hard material coating-free sliding surface area 42 of the lower scissor portion 16 and in the hard material coating-free sliding surface area 42 of the upper scissor portion 14, which is not apparent from the drawings. As a result of removing the coating of hard material in the sliding surface area 42 different surfaces slide along one another upon opening and closing the scissors 10. If both sliding surface areas 42 were provided with a hard material coating, these could then mutually act as abrasive surfaces, if affected in some form or other, and additionally cause wear in the between 40, which would cause the initial tension of the scissors 10 to be reduced. If the lower scissor portion 16 is first provided with a hard material coating, the sliding surface area 42 can then be formed by grinding and subsequent high-gloss polishing. A high-quality surface is thus obtained. Alternatively, the sliding surface area 42 can be covered before applying the hard material coating. The coating of hard material may, for example, be produced by chemical vapor-phase deposition. It would also be conceivable to not completely remove the hard material coating on one or both of the sliding surface areas 42, but to only polish smooth the rough surface of the coating. Instead of removing a previously applied hard material coating, the sliding surface area 42 can also be formed by applying a ceramic part or a material applied, for example, by welding. A further area of the scissors 10 that is susceptible to wear is shown in FIG. 3. With its threaded section 50 screwable to the lower scissor portion 16, the connecting screw 12 extends through a bore 48 tapering in a single step in the direction towards the lower scissor portion 16, so that a head 46 of the connecting screw 12 can be countersunk almost completely in the upper scissor portion 14. To minimize friction between the head 46 of the connecting screw 12 and the upper scissor portion 14 upon opening and closing the scissors, a ceramic ring 52 is inserted into the bore 48 tapering in the form of a single step, so that an underside of the head 46 is in contact with the ceramic ring 52, whereby friction is reduced when the scissor blades 18 and 20 are pivoted relative to each other. This reduces the wear and thus maintains the initial tension of the scissors 10. Instead of a ceramic ring 52, a different friction-reducing material in the form of a ring may also be inserted or applied, or a previously applied coating of hard material can be completely removed or polished smooth. A second embodiment of scissors generally designated by reference numeral 10′ is shown in FIG. 4. Parts of the scissors 10′, which are identical or similar to parts of the scissors 10, are given the same reference numerals, but with an additional prime (′). The scissors 10′ differ from the scissors 10 in that an inner side 54′ of the scissor blade 20′ of the lower scissor portion 16′ is completely free of hard material coating. This means that the sliding surface area 42′ is part of the inner side 54′. The inner side 54′ can be formed either by grinding a previously applied hard material coating and by applying a wear-reducing material, for example, in the form of a ceramic lamina, or by applying, in particular by welding, a hard steel which can be machined, in particular, by high-gloss polishing, after being applied. In connection with the description of a third embodiment, reference can again be had to FIG. 1 for an illustration. Differently from the scissors 10, upper scissor portion 14 and lower scissor portion 16 of the third embodiment are, however, made of different materials. For example, the lower scissor portion 16 can be made from a hard steel and provided in its entirety with a hard material coating, whereas the upper scissor portion 14 can be made entirely from a ceramic material or from any chosen material and can have a surface which is completely free of hard material coating. The sliding surface area 42 of the lower scissor portion 16 can be machined, for example, by removing the hard material coating or formed by polishing the coating smooth. All three embodiments of scissors according to the invention described herein have in common that both sliding surface areas 42 have a high-quality smooth surface for the reduction of friction and wear.

Surgical scissors devices

Surgical scissors devices Posted on May 5, 2012 Abstract: Surgical scissors devices are disclosed. The surgical scissors devices may comprise an end effector with first and second blade members. The first and second blade members may respectively comprise proximally positioned cams and distally positioned blade ends. Also, the first and second blade members may be coupled at a pivot point by a fastener held in tension along its longitudinal axis by the blade members. A reciprocating shuttle may comprise at least one pin positioned within slots defined by the respective cams of the blade members. Distally-directed motion of the shuttle may cause the first and second blade members to open and proximally-directed motion of the shuttle may cause the first and second blade members to close. Methods and apparatuses for forming the surgical scissors device are also disclosed. Claims: 1. A surgical scissors device comprising:an end effector comprising:a clevis comprising a pair of arms;a first blade member comprising a first distally positioned blade end and a first proximally positioned cam, wherein the first cam defines a first cam slot;a second blade member comprising a second distally positioned blade and a second proximally positioned cam defining a second cam slot;a fastener positioned to pivotably couple the first blade member and the second blade member to the clevis about a pivot point, wherein the fastener is held in tension by the clevis; anda reciprocating shuttle comprising at least one pin positioned within the first cam slot and the second cam slot such that distally-directed motion of the shuttle causes the first and second blade members to open and proximally-directed motion of the shuttle causes the first and second blade members to close. 2. The surgical scissors device of claim 1, further comprising:a handle comprising an actuator selectively positionable in a first position and a second position;a flexible shaft; anda translating member coupled to the shuttle, extending through the flexible shaft and coupled to the actuator such that placing the actuator in the first position causes the shuttle to translate distally and placing the actuator in the second position causes the shuttle to translate proximally. 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the translating member comprises a multi-layered steel wire. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the flexible shaft comprises a slotted hypotube. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the spatial frequency of slots in the slotted hypotube is higher at a distal portion of the hypotube than at a proximal portion of the hypotube. 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the flexible shaft comprises a coil pipe. 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the outside diameter of the scissors device with the end effector in the closed position is less than about 2.5 mm. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein the translating member comprises a slotted hypotube. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first blade end and the second blade end overlap one another when the end effector is in the open position. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the overlap is between about 0.127 mm and 0.152 mm. 11. The device of claim 1, wherein the shuttle comprises a first pin positioned within the first cam slot and a second pin positioned in the second cam slot. 12. The device of claim 1, wherein the shuttle comprises a single pin positioned within the first cam slot and the second cam slot 13. A method of forming surgical scissors comprising first and second blade members joined between first and second arms of a clevis at a pivot point, wherein the first and second blade members and the first and second arms each define pin holes at the pivot point, the method comprising:positioning the first and second blade members of the surgical scissors and the clevis such that the pin holes of the first and second blades align with the pin holes of the first and second arms of the clevis;applying a compressive force to the first and second blade members and the clevis, wherein the compressive force is directed to force the first and second blade members towards one another between the first and second arms of the clevis; andwhile maintaining the compressive force, applying a fastener through the pin holes of the first and second blade members and the first and second arms of the clevis, wherein the fastener is configured to join the first blade member and the second blade member. 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising releasing the compressive force. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising maintaining the fastener in tension with the first and second arms of the clevis after the compressive force is removed. 16. The method of claim 13, wherein applying the fastener comprises applying at least one fastener selected from the group consisting of a rivet, a pin and a threaded fastener. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein applying the fastener comprises laser welding a pin to the first and second arms of the clevis. 18. The method of claim 13, wherein applying the compressive force comprises:placing the first and second blade members and the clevis in a clamp; andengaging the clamp to apply the compressive force. 19. The method of claim 18 wherein applying the fastener comprises applying the fastener through an access opening over the pin holes of the first and second blade members, wherein the access opening is defined by the clamp. 20. The method of claim 18, wherein engaging the press comprises actuating a threaded screw. 21. A device for forming surgical scissors, the surgical scissors comprising a first blade member and a second blade member defining a common pivot point, the device comprising:a first clamp member;a second clamp member positioned opposite the first clamp member; anda clamp mechanism coupled to the first clamp member and the second clamp member and configured to exert a force on at least one of the first clamp member and the second clamp member in a direction tending to force the first clamp member and the second clamp member towards each other;wherein at least one of the first clamp member and the second clamp member defines a cavity shaped to receive at least one blade member of the surgical scissors; andwherein the first clamp member defines an access opening positioned to allow access to the common pivot point. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein the first clamp member defines a first threaded hole and wherein the clamp mechanism comprises a threaded bolt coupled to the second clamp member and positioned within the first threaded holes, wherein rotation of the threaded bolt within the threaded hole exerts a force on the first clamp member in the direction tending to force the first clamp member and the second clamp member towards each other. 23. The device of claim 21, wherein the threaded bolt is coupled to the second clamp member via a second threaded hole defined by the second clamp member. 24. The device of claim 21, wherein the clamp mechanism comprises a lever bar coupled to the first and second clamp members via at least one link, wherein motion of the lever causes corresponding motion of the at least one link that exerts a force on the first clamp member in the direction tending to force the first clamp member and the second clamp member towards each other. 25. The device of claim 21, wherein the clamp mechanism is configured for manual operation. 26. The device of claim 21, wherein the clamp mechanism comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a hydraulic cylinder, a pneumatic cylinder, and an electric motor. 27. The device of claim 21, wherein the first clamp member defines a first cavity shaped to receive the first blade member and the second clamp member defines a second cavity shaped to receive the second blade member. 28. The device of claim 21, wherein the access opening defines a notch in first clamp member. 29. The device of claim 21, wherein the access opening is at least partially surrounded by a beveled surface sloping towards the access opening. 30. The device of claim 21, wherein the first clamp member partially surrounds the access opening. Description: BACKGROUND [0001]Various embodiments are directed to surgical scissors devices and methods of manufacturing and using the same. [0002]Minimally invasive procedures are desirable because such procedures can reduce pain and provide relatively quick recovery times as compared to conventional open medical procedures. Many minimally invasive procedures are performed with an endoscope (including without limitation laparoscopes). Such procedures permit a physician to position, manipulate, and view medical instruments and accessories inside the patient through a small access opening in the patient’s body. Laparoscopy is a term used to describe such an “endosurgical” approach using an endoscope (often a rigid laparoscope). In this type of procedure, accessory devices are often inserted into a patient through trocars placed through the body wall. Still less invasive treatments include those that are performed through insertion of an endoscope through a natural body orifice to a treatment region. Examples of this approach include, but are not limited to, cystoscopy, hysteroscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and colonoscopy. [0003]Many of these procedures employ a flexible endoscope during the procedure. Flexible endoscopes often have a flexible, steerable articulating section near the distal end that can be controlled by the clinician by utilizing controls at the proximal end. Some flexible endoscopes are relatively small (1 mm to 3 mm in diameter), and may have no integral accessory channel (also called biopsy channels or working channels). Other flexible endoscopes, including gastroscopes and colonoscopes, have integral working channels having a diameter of about 2.0 to 3.7 mm for the purpose of introducing and removing medical devices and other accessory devices to perform diagnosis or therapy within the patient. Certain specialized endoscopes are available, such as large working channel endoscopes having a working channel of 5 mm in diameter, which can be used to pass relatively large accessories, or to provide capability to suction large blood clots. Other specialized endoscopes include those having two or more working channels. FIGURES [0004]The novel features of the various embodiments are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The various embodiments, however, both as to organization and methods of operation, together with advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings as follows. [0005]FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an endoscope inserted into the upper gastrointestinal tract of a patient. [0006]FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a distal portion of the endoscope of FIG. 1, which may be used with the scissors devices described herein. [0007]FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a scissors device, which may be used, with the endoscope of FIG. 1. [0008]FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of the end effector of the scissors device of FIG. 3. [0009]FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of the handle of the scissors device of FIG. 3. [0010]FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of the handle of FIG. 5 with the handle body not shown. [0011]FIG. 7 illustrates a cross section of one embodiment of the handle of FIG. 5. [0012]FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of a slider mechanism from the handle of FIG. 5. [0013]FIG. 9 is an exploded view of the end effector and flexible shaft of one embodiment of the scissors device of FIG. 3 having cam-actuated blades. [0014]FIG. 9A illustrates one embodiment of a shuttle for use with the end effector of FIG. 9. [0015]FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of the scissors device of FIG. 3 with a flexible shaft comprising a cut hypotube. [0016]FIGS. 11-14 illustrate one embodiment of the end effector of FIG. 4 transitioning from a closed position shown in FIG. 11 to an open position shown in FIG. 14. [0017]FIG. 15 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the scissors device of FIG. 3 with a link-actuated end effector. [0018]FIG. 16 is a flow chart illustrating one embodiment of a process flow for assembling the blade members of the scissors device of FIG. 1. [0019]FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of a clamp assembly for use in assembling the blade members of the scissors device of FIG. 1. [0020]FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of the clamp assembly of FIG. 17 with the blade members under compressive force. [0021]FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of a clamp member of the clamp assembly of FIG. 17. [0022]FIG. 20 illustrates another embodiment of the clamp assembly of FIG. 17 having an alternate clamp member. [0023]FIG. 21 illustrates one embodiment of the alternate clamp member of FIG. 20. [0024]FIG. 22 illustrates one embodiment of the clamp assembly of FIG. 17 with a lever clamp mechanism. [0025]FIG. 23 illustrates another embodiment of the clamp assembly of FIG. 27 with a hydraulic or pneumatic clamp mechanism. DESCRIPTION [0026]Various embodiments are directed to surgical scissors devices. The surgical scissors devices may, for example, be deployed through the working channel of an endoscope. The surgical scissors devices described herein may have various features for enhancing performance. For example, various embodiments may have blade members that are held in compression relative to one another by a fastener. This may tend to hold the blade members together during use and prevent or minimize tissue slipping between the scissor blades. Also, in various embodiments, the blade members of the scissors device may be cam actuated. This may allow increased mechanical advantage, allowing the clinician to more easily open and close the blade members. [0027]Various other embodiments described herein are directed to methods and devices for constructing surgical scissors. For example, according to some embodiments, a compressive force may be applied to the first and second blade members, tending to push them together. While the compressive force is applied, a fastener may be installed to hold the blade members together. Then the compressive force may be released. The fastener may serve to maintain the blade members in compression against one another. The compressive force may be applied by any suitable mechanism including, for example, a clamp having a first clamp member, a second clamp member and a clamp mechanism, as described herein. One or more of the clamp members may define a cavity shaped to receive one or both the blade members. This may secure the blade members while the compressive force is applied. [0028]Various embodiments of the surgical scissors devices described herein may be used in endoscopic surgical environments. FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of an endoscope 14 (illustrated here as a gastroscope) inserted into the upper gastrointestinal tract of a patient. The endoscope 14 has a distal end 16 that may include various optical channels, illumination channels, and working channels. According to various embodiments, the endoscope 14 may be a flexible endoscope, and may be introduced via natural orifices. [0029]In one embodiment, Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES)® techniques may be employed to introduce the endoscope 14 and various instruments (e.g., the surgical scissors devices described herein) into the patient and carry out the various procedures described herein. A NOTES® technique is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that may be employed to treat diseased tissue or perform other therapeutic operations through a natural opening of the patient without making incisions in the abdomen. A natural opening may be the mouth, anus, and/or vagina. Medical implantable instruments may be introduced into the patient to the target area via the natural opening. In a NOTES® technique, a clinician inserts a flexible endoscope into one or more natural openings of the patient to view the target area, for example, using a camera. During endoscopic surgery, the clinician inserts surgical devices through one or more lumens or working channels of the endoscope 14 to perform various key surgical activities (KSA). These KSAs include forming an anastomosis between organs, performing dissections, repairing ulcers and other wounds. Although the devices and methods described herein may be used with NOTES® techniques, it will be appreciated that they may also be used with other surgical techniques including, for example, other endoscopic techniques and laparoscopic techniques. [0030]FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a distal portion 16 of the endoscope 14, which may be used with the scissors devices described herein. The example endoscope 14 shown comprises a distal face 4, which defines the distal ends of illumination channels 8, an optical channel 6 and a working channel 10. The illumination channels 8 may comprise one or more optical fibers or other suitable waveguides for directing light from a proximally positioned light source (not shown) to the surgical site. The optical channel 6 may comprise one or more optical fibers or other suitable waveguides for receiving and transmitting an image of the surgical site proximally to a position where the image may be viewed by the clinician operating the endoscope 14. As described above, the working channel 10 may allow the clinician to introduce one or more surgical tools to the surgical site. Examples of such surgical tools include scissors, cautery knives, suturing devices and scissors devices. It will be appreciated that the endoscope 14 is but one example of an endoscope that may be used in accordance with various embodiments. Endoscopes having alternate configurations of optical channels 6, illumination channels 8 and/or working channels 10 may also be used. [0031]FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment of a scissors device 100, which may be used, for example, with an endoscope such as the endoscope 14. The scissors device 100 may comprise a handle assembly 102, a flexible shaft 104 and an end effector 106. The end effector 106 may comprise a first blade member 108 and a second blade member 110. The first blade member 108 and second blade member 110 may be connected to a clevis 112, which, in turn, may be coupled to the flexible shaft 104. FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment of the end effector 106 of the scissors device 100. The blade members 108, 110 may have respective blade ends 150, 152 and cam ends 206, 208. The blade members may be configures such that the blade ends 150, 152 overlap one another in the open position. In some example embodiments, the overlap may be between about 0.127 mm (0.005 inches) and 0.152 mm (0.006 inches). The blade members 108, 110 may pivot about a pivot point 130 that may comprise a pin or other connector to fasten the blade members 108, 110 to one another, or to fasten the blade members 108, 110 between arms 111, 115 of the clevis 112, which may hold them together. The respective arms 111, 115 of the clevis may each define a pin hole that aligns with the pivot point 130 and may receive the fastener. A shuttle 122 may comprise one or more pin features 214 received into one or more cam slots 210, 212 of the respective blade members 108, 110, for example, as described herein below. The shuttle 122 may be coupled to a translating member 116, which may extend proximally through the flexible shaft 104 to the handle 102. [0032]Referring back to FIG. 3, the translating member 116 may extend within the flexible shaft 104 from the end effector 106 to the handle 102. The translating member 116 may be made from any suitable material. For example, the translating member 116 may be, a metal wire (e.g., a multi-layered steel cable, such as a tri-layered steel cable), a plastic or metal shaft. According to various embodiments, the translating member may comprise a spiral cut or otherwise slotted hypotube (e.g., a cylindrical object with slots cut therein to provide or enhance flexibility). For example, in FIG. 4, the translating member 116 is illustrated as comprising a cut hypotube. At the handle 102, the flexible shaft 104 may be directly or indirectly coupled to an actuator 113. In use, a clinician may cause the actuator 113 to pivot along arrow 118 from a first position to a second position. When the actuator 113 moves from the first position to the second position, it may translate the translating member 116 distally or proximally. Distal or proximal motion of the translating member 116 may, in turn, cause the end effector 106 to transition from an open position to a closed position. Repeatedly transitioning the end effector 106 from the open position to the closed position may affect cutting of tissue or other materials. [0033]FIG. 5 illustrates one embodiment of the handle 102 of the scissors device 100. The actuator 113 may pivot about pivot point 502 along arrow 118 as shown. The pivot point 502 may comprise a pin or other connector fastening the actuator to the handle body 508. The handle body 508 may define a grip 501 opposite the actuator 113 as shown. In one example, use, the clinician may place one or more fingers through the grip 501, allowing the clinician to manipulate the actuator 113 with a thumb. According to various embodiments, the actuator 113 may comprise a lock element 504 configured to be securely received into a lock cavity 506. The lock element 504 and cavity 506 may allow the clinician to secure the actuator 113, and thus the end effector 106, into a given position. [0034]FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of the handle 102 with the handle body 508 not shown. The actuator 113 is shown with a pair of arms 510 defining slots 516. The arms 510 receive a pin 518 to slidably couple the actuator to a slider mechanism 512. FIG. 7 illustrates a cross section of one embodiment of the handle 102. FIG. 8 illustrates one embodiment of the slider mechanism 512. The translating member 116 is received at the distal portion of the handle body 508 and extends proximally to the slider mechanism 512. Within the slider mechanism 512, the translating member 116 may be received by a pair of spring holders 524, 526 and a collar 520. From the collar 528, the translating member 116 may extend proximally to the rotation knob 114. The translating member 116 may be securely fastened to the collar 520 such that the translating member 116 cannot translate distally and proximally with respect to the collar 520. [0035]In use, the clinician may move the actuator 113 towards the grip 501 to force the translating member 116 proximally. The resulting rotation of the actuator 113 about the pivot point 502 may pull the slider mechanism 512 proximally within the cavity 522 defined by the handle body 508. This may also pull the collar 520 and translating member 116 proximally. Spring 528 may resist motion of the slider mechanism 512 and thus the translating member 116. To move the translating member 116 distally, the clinician may pivot the actuator 113 away from the grip 501 about the pivot point 502. This may force the slider mechanism 512 and thus the translating member 116 distally. [0036]FIG. 9 illustrates an exploded view of the end effector 106 and flexible shaft 104 of one embodiment of the scissors device 100 having cam-actuated blade members. As shown, the blade members 108, 110 comprise the proximal cam ends 206, 208. Each of the cam ends 206, 208 defines a respective cam slot 210, 212. A shuttle 122 may comprise one or more pin features 214 that ride in the cam slots 210, 212. For example, the shuttle 122 may comprise a single pin feature 214 extending through both sides or separate pin features 214 on each side. According to various embodiments, the pin features 214 may also protrude from a slot 216 defined by the clevis 112. [0037]FIG. 9A illustrates one embodiment of the shuttle 122. In use, the shuttle 122 may be coupled to the translating member 116. As shown, the shuttle 122 may have two arm members 902 defining holes 904 for receiving the pin feature or features 214. The cam ends 206, 208 of the blade members 108, 110 may be received between the arm members 902. A wedge feature 906 may be positioned at a proximal portion of the shuttle 122 and may serve to wedge the cam ends 206, 208 of the blade members 108, 110 apart from one another when the shuttle 122 is it its distal position. Referring back to FIG. 9, distal motion of the translating member 116 may cause corresponding distal motion of the shuttle 122, which may, in turn, force the pin features 214 to slide within the cam slots 210, 212, forcing the blade members 108, 110 into an open position. In some embodiment, the wedge feature 906 of the shuttle may provide an additional force tending to open the blade members 108, 110 by forcing the cam ends 206, 208 away from one another. [0038]According to various embodiments, the end effector 106 may be rotatably coupled to the flexible shaft 104. For example, an outer coupler 126 may be fastened to the flexible shaft 104. An inner coupler 124 may be fastened within the outer coupler 126 such that the inner coupler 124 can rotate relative to the outer coupler 126 and the flexible shaft 104. The inner coupler 124 may also be coupled to the clevis 112 (and hence the end effector 106). Accordingly, the end effector 106 may be rotatable, with the inner coupler 124, about the outer coupler 126 and the flexible shaft 104. As described above, the translating member 116 may be coupled to the end effector 106, for example, via the shuttle 122. The clinician may bring about rotation of the end effector 106 by rotating the translating member 116. For example, referring to FIG. 5-7, the handle 102 may comprise a knob 114 or other control device allowing the clinician to rotate the translating member 116. [0039]The flexible shaft 104 may be made from any suitable material and/or device. In various embodiments the flexible shaft 104 may be made from a material or device that is flexible and also able to withstand tension and compression forces to avoid significant losses in the opening and closing forces provided by the clinician via the actuator 113. For example, when the actuator 118 causes the translating member 116 to move distally, the flexible shaft 104 may be placed in compression. When the actuator 118 causes the translating member 116 to move proximally, the flexible shaft 104 may be placed in tension. Excessive compression or stretching of the flexible shaft 104 may attenuate the force ultimately provided to open or close the end effector 106. [0040]In various embodiments, the flexible shaft may comprise a coil pipe 128, as illustrated in FIG. 9. The coil pipe 128 may be made from wire or a narrow ribbon of material formed into a cylindrical coil. The coiled nature of the coil pipe 128 may cause it to perform well in compression. In tension, however, the coil pipe 128 may tend to expand, thus attenuating the force applied to the end effector 106. The attenuation may be minimized by selecting a coil pipe 128 with a high pre-load. This may make the coil pipe 128 relatively stiff and more difficult to bend, but may also improve its performance in tension. FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of the scissors device 100 with a flexible shaft 104 comprising a cut hypotube 1002 in place of the coil pipe 128. The cut hypotube 1002 may be a cylindrical piece of material (e.g., surgical steel or other metal) with a plurality of cuts or cut-out features 1004. The cuts may allow the hypotube 1002 to bend. Because the hypotube 1002 may bend on the cuts, the spatial frequency of the cuts in any given portion of the hypotube 1002 may determine the flexibility of that portion. A higher spatial frequency of cuts may correspond to a higher flexibility. Because the hypotube 1002 is not configured to stretch under ordinary operating conditions, it may provide increased tensile performance compared to the coil pipe 128. [0041]FIGS. 11-14 illustrate one embodiment of the end effector 106 transitioning from a closed position shown in FIG. 11 to an open position shown in FIG. 14. Referring to FIG. 11, the end effector 106 is shown in the closed position. The blade members 108, 110 are illustrated in a closed, overlapping position. The shuttle 122 is shown coupled to the translating member 116 and in a proximal position. For example, a clinician operating the actuator 113 may have caused the translating member 116 to translate through the flexible shaft 104 in a proximal direction. This may, in turn, have caused the shuttle 122 to assume the proximal position shown. When the shuttle 122 is in the proximal position the pins 214 may be positioned within the slots 210, 212 such that the blade members 108, 110 are in the closed position. [0042]FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate one embodiment of the end effector 106 transitioning from the closed position to the open position. As the translating member 116 and shuttle 122 are pushed distally, the pins 214 may also move distally within the cam slots 210, 212. Due to the curvature of the cam slots 210, 212, this may force the blade members 108, 110 into the open position. In FIG. 14, the end effector 106 is shown with the shuttle 122 in its fully distal position and the blade members 108, 110 in their fully open position. It will be appreciated that the profile (e.g., shape) of the cam slots 210, 212, may bring about a mechanical advantage, lessening the force necessary to open or close the end effectors 106. For example, configuring the cam slots 210, 212 with a shallow profile may reduce the mechanical advantage between the actuator 113 and the end effector 106. This may, in turn, minimize the movement of the actuator 113 that is necessary to open the end effector 106, but maximize the required force. Similarly, configuring the cam slots 210, 212 with a more curved profile may increase the mechanical advantage between the actuator 113 and the end effector 106. This may decrease the force that the clinician must apply to the actuator 113, but increase the necessary movement. [0043]FIG. 15 illustrates another embodiment of the scissors device 100 with a link-actuated end effector 1500. The end effector 1500 may comprise a pair of blade members 1502, 1504. A shuttle 1508 may be coupled to the translating member 116, similar to the shuttle 122. Each blade member 1502, 1504 may be coupled to the shuttle 1508 via links 1510, 1512. When the shuttle 1508 is pushed distally, as shown in FIG. 15, the links 1510, 1512 may push the blade members 1502, 1504 into the open position. As the shuttle 1508 is pulled proximally (e.g., via the translating member 116) the blade members 1502, 1504 may be pulled into the closed position. [0044]FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of a process flow 1600 for assembling the blade members 108, 110 of the scissors device 100. Initially, the blade members 108, 110 and the clevis 112 may be aligned 1602 for assembly. For example, the blade members 108, 110 may be placed between the arms 111, 115 of the clevis 112. According to various embodiments, the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112 may be aligned 1602 by placing them into a clamp assembly. FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of a clamp assembly 1700 in which the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112 may be aligned. The clamp assembly 1700 may comprise a first clamp member 1702 and a second clamp member 1704. The clamp members 1702, 1704 may be coupled to any suitable kind of clamping mechanism. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the clamping mechanism comprises a threaded screw 1706 that may be coupled to the clamp members 1702, 1704 such that tightening of the threaded screw forces the clamp members 1702, 1704 towards one another. As shown, the clamp member 1704 defines a cavity 1708 shaped to receive the blade members 108, 110. The cavity 1708 may serve to align the blade members 108, 110. According to various embodiments, the clamp member 1702 may have a corresponding cavity (not shown) that may augment and/or replace the cavity 1708. [0045]Referring back to the diagram 1600, a compressive force may be applied 1604 to the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112. For example, referring to FIG. 17, the threaded screw 1706 may be rotated, forcing the clamp member 1702 towards the clamp member 1704 to apply the compressive force. FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of the clamp assembly 1700 with the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112 under compressive force. Again referring to FIG. 16, a fastener may be applied 1606 to the blade members 108, 110 and clevis 112 while maintaining the compressive force. The fastener may be applied 1606, for example, to the pivot point 130 (see FIG. 4). The fastener may be any suitable fastener type. For example, the fastener may be a rivet or a screw. In various embodiments, the fastener may comprise a pin welded to the blade members 108, 110 and/or clevis 112 at the pivot point. For example, the pin (not shown) may be laser welded. One or both of the clamp members 1702, 1704 may be configured to allow access to the pivot point 130 for installing the fastener. For example, the clamp member 1702 defines an access opening 1710 over the point where the pivot point 130 of the blade members 108, 110 is located. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the access opening 1710 takes the form of a notch in the clamp member 1702. The notch 1710 may have a beveled edge 1711 as shown to allow greater access through to the pivot point 130 during use. The compressive force may be released 1608. When the compressive force is released 1608, the fastener may serve to maintain the blade members 108, 110 in compression. Reciprocally, the blade members 108, 110 may maintain the fastener in tension. [0046]Referring again to FIG. 18, the clamp assembly 1700 may comprise one or more guide pins 1712. The first clamp member 1702 may slide along the guide pins 1712 as the clamp assembly 1700 is opened and closed. An optional set screw 1707 may serve to stabilize the clamp members 1702, 1704. FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of the clamp member 1702. As illustrated, the clamp member 1702 may comprise a cavity 1714 for receiving a portion of one or both of the blade members 108, 110. Guide holes 1716 may receive the guide pins 1712. A threaded set screw hole 1720 may receive the set screw 1707. A threaded hole 1718 may receive the threaded screw 1706. A corresponding hole (not shown) may be defined by the clamp member 1704. Accordingly, rotation of the threaded screw 1706 may force the clamp member 1702 towards the clamp member 1704. [0047]FIG. 20 illustrates another embodiment of the clamp assembly 1700 comprising an alternate clamp member 1702′. The clamp member 1702′ may be shorter than the clamp member 1702. This may allow the clamp member 1702′ to expose more of the cavity 1708 than the clamp assembly 1702. In turn, this may allow the clamp member 1702′ to have a smaller access opening or notch 2002. FIG. 21 illustrates one embodiment of the alternate clamp member 1702′. The clamp member 1702′ may comprise guide holes 1716, a set screw hole 1720 and a threaded hole 1718 similar to the clamp member 1702. As illustrated, however, the clamp member 1702′ may lack a cavity for receiving all or a portion of the blade members 108, 110. It will be appreciated that the clamp assembly 1700 may be manually or automatically operated. For example, assembly personal may actuate the clamp by manually turning the threaded screw 1706. Also, in some embodiment the screw 1706 may be actuated by an electric or other motor (not shown). [0048]The clamp mechanism of the clamp assembly 1700 described above comprises a threaded screw 1706. It will be appreciated that any other suitable manual or automatic clamp mechanism may be used. For example, FIG. 22 illustrates one embodiment of the clamp assembly 1700 with a lever clamp mechanism. A lever frame 2204 may support a lever bar 2202, which may be pivot about the frame 2204 as shown by arrow 2212. The lever bar 2202 may be pivotably coupled to a link 2206 at pivot point 2208. The link 2206, in turn, may be pivotably coupled to the clamp member 1702 at pivot point 2210. To operate the clamp assembly 1700 as shown in FIG. 22, assembly personnel may rotate the lever bar 2202 towards the clamp member 1702 along arrow 2212. This may force the clamp member 1702 towards the clamp member 1704 as described above. The lever bar 2202 may be manually actuated, for example, directly by assembly personnel, or may be automatically actuated. [0049]FIG. 23 illustrates another embodiment of the clamp assembly 1700 with a hydraulic or pneumatic clamp mechanism. As shown, cylinder frame 2304 may be pivotably coupled to a cylinder 2302, which may be a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder. When the cylinder 2302 is activated, it may extend, providing the compressive force between the clamp members 1702, 1704. The cylinder 2302 may be activated, for example, by a hydraulic or pneumatic compressor (not shown) which may be manually and/or automatically actuated. [0050]In various embodiments, surgical instruments utilizing various embodiments of the scissors device 100 may be employed in conjunction with a flexible endoscope, such as a GIF-100 model available from Olympus Corporation, for example. In at least one such embodiment, the endoscope, a laparoscope, or a thoracoscope, for example, may be introduced into the patient trans-anally through the colon, the abdomen via an incision or keyhole and a trocar, or trans-orally through the esophagus, or trans-vaginally through the cervix, for example. These devices may assist the clinician to guide and position the scissors device 100 near the tissue treatment region to treat diseased tissue on organs such as the liver, for example. In another embodiment, these devices may be positioned to treat diseased tissue near the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, esophagus, and/or lung, for example. In various embodiments, the endoscope may comprise a flexible shaft where the distal end of the flexible shaft may comprise a light source, a viewing port, and at least one working channel. In at least one such embodiment, the viewing port may transmit an image within its field of view to an optical device such as a charge coupled device (CCD) camera within the endoscope, for example, so that an operator may view the image on a display monitor (not shown). [0051]It will be appreciated that the terms “proximal” and “distal” are used herein with reference to a clinician manipulating an end of an instrument extending from the clinician to a surgical site (e.g., through a trocar, through a natural orifice, through an open surgical site). The term “proximal” refers to the portion closest to the clinician, and the term “distal” refers to the portion located away from the clinician. It will be further appreciated that for conciseness and clarity, spatial terms such as “vertical,” “horizontal,” “up,” and “down” may be used herein with respect to the drawings. However, surgical instruments are used in many orientations and positions, and these terms are not intended to be limiting and absolute. [0052]While several embodiments have been illustrated and described, and while several illustrative embodiments have been described in considerable detail, the described embodiments are not intended to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications may readily appear to those skilled in the art. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate the different advantages provided by these various embodiments. [0053]While several embodiments have been described, it should be apparent, however, that various modifications, alterations and adaptations to those embodiments may occur to persons skilled in the art with the attainment of some or all of the advantages of the embodiments. For example, according to various embodiments, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions. The described embodiments are therefore intended to cover all such modifications, alterations and adaptations without departing from the scope of the appended claims. [0054]The devices disclosed herein may be designed to be disposed of after a single use, or they may be designed to be used multiple times. In either case, however, the device may be reconditioned for reuse after at least one use. Reconditioning may include a combination of the steps of disassembly of the device, followed by cleaning or replacement of particular pieces, and subsequent reassembly. In particular, the device may be disassembled, and any number of particular pieces or parts of the device may be selectively replaced or removed in any combination. Upon cleaning and/or replacement of particular parts, the device may be reassembled for subsequent use either at a reconditioning facility, or by a surgical team immediately prior to a surgical procedure. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the reconditioning of a device may utilize a variety of different techniques for disassembly, cleaning/replacement, and reassembly. Use of such techniques, and the resulting reconditioned device, are all within the scope of this application. [0055]Preferably, the embodiments described herein will be processed before surgery. First a new or used instrument is obtained and, if necessary, cleaned. The instrument may then be sterilized. In one sterilization technique, the instrument is placed in a closed and sealed container, such as a plastic or TYVEK® bag. The container and instrument are then placed in a field of radiation that may penetrate the container, such as gamma radiation, x-rays, or higher energy electrons. The radiation kills bacteria on the instrument and in the container. The sterilized instrument may then be stored in the sterile container. The sealed container keeps the instrument sterile until it is opened in the medical facility. [0056]Any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials do not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material. [0057]The embodiments are not to be construed as limited to the particular embodiments disclosed. The embodiments are therefore to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive. Variations and changes may be made by others without departing from the scope of the claims. Accordingly, it is expressly intended that all such equivalents, variations and changes that fall within the scope of the claims be embraced thereby. [0058]In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the embodiments described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical applications to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.

A surgical scissors for excising tissue

A surgical scissors for excising tissue Posted on May 5, 2012 Abstract: A surgical scissors for excising tissue in areas of limited access where straight scissors cannot reach. The scissors has a hook-shaped end with cutting blades on a cutting axis which is generally perpendicular to the axis along which handle members of the scissors extend. The hook-shaped end may carry a second pair of cutting blades in a cutting plane which is generally parallel to the axis along which the handle members extend. Claim: I claim: 1. A pair of surgical scissors comprising two handle members extending along a first axis and each having a hook-shaped end carrying a cutting edge, and two aligned pivots pivotallyconnecting the hook-shaped ends, the cutting edges cooperating to form two blades for cutting in a plane which is generally perpendicular to the first axis. 2. A pair of surgical scissors comprising two handle members extending along a first axis and each having a hook-shaped end carrying two cutting edges, and two aligned pivots pivotally connecting the hook-shaped ends, the cutting edgescooperating to form first cutting blades for cutting in a plane generally perpendicular to the first axis and second cutting blades in a cutting plane which is generally parallel to the first axis, the aligned pivots extending along an axis which isbetween the first and second cutting blades. 3. A pair of surgical scissors comprising two handle members which are joined at a first pivot and extend along a first axis, each having a hook-shaped end, the bent portions of the hook-shaped ends having blade edges which cooperate to cut in aplane generally perpendicular to the first axis, and said hook-shaped ends also having blades which are joined at a second pivot aligned with said first pivot and which blades form reverse-acting scissors extending rearward past the axis of said secondpivot. Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to surgical scissors and more particularly to an improved surgical scissors which is well suited to excise tissue in areas of limited access such as the oral cavity. When tissue in the third molar area cannot be properlytrimmed or sutures cut due to their position, for example, reverse cutting blades are used while the handles of the scissors are held horizontally in the mouth. Also, for example, in the retromolar pad area which is almost vertical additional cuttingblades are used having a cutting axis which is generally perpendicular to the axis along which the handles of the scissors extend. An object of the invention is to provide improved surgical scissors. Another object is to provide a reverse surgical scissors. Still another object is to provide a surgical scissors having cutting blades with a cutting axis generally perpendicular to the axis along which the handles of the scissors extend. A further object is to provide a reverse surgical scissors with a pair of cutting blades one generally perpendicular and one generally parallel to the axis along which the handles of the scissors extend. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is perspective view of an improved surgical scissors according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the surgical scissors showing the blades in closed position; FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the surgical scissors showing the blades in open position; and FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of a modification. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The surgical scissors is a reverse snipping instrument having handle members 10 and 11 extending along an axis 12. The handle members 10 and 11 have hook-shaped ends 13 and 14, respectively, which are turned back upon the members in a reversemanner. The hooked-shaped ends 13 and 14 have cutting edges 15 and 16, respectively, which cooperate to form cutting blades 17 and 18, respectively, on a cutting axis 19 that is generally perpendicular to the axis 12. The cutting surfaces 15 and 16 areon the inside of the cutting blades 17 and 18 as on conventional straight scissors. Two aligned pivots 20 and 21 pivotally connect the hook-shaped ends 13 and 14. Two additional cutting edges 22 and 23 on the hook-shaped ends cooperate to form cutting blades 24 and 25, respectively. The aligned pivots 20 and 21 extend along an axis which is in between the set of cutting blades 17 and 18 and the set ofcutting blades 24 and 25. The cutting surfaces 22 and 23 are on the inside of the cutting blades 24 and 25 as on straight scissors and are in a cutting plane 26 which is generally parallel to the axis 12. In an instrument in which only the blades 17and 18 need be used, the cutting blades 24 and 25 can be omitted by forming the hooked-shaped ends along the edge 27 shown in the modification in FIG. 4. Reference numbers in FIG. 4 which are similar to those in FIGS. 1-3 refer to parts alike instructure and function. In operation, for example, in the retromolar pad area in the mouth which is almost vertical, the scissors are inserted with the handle members 10 and 11 generally horizontal. The cutting blades 17 and 18 are moved about the cutting axis 19 toremove vertically arranged tissue. Also in operation, for example, when tissue in the third molar area cannot be properly trimmed or sutures cut by conventional straight scissors due to their positions, the reverse cutting blades 24 and 25 are used; thescissors are inserted with the handle members 10 and 11 generally horizontal and the reverse cutting blades 24 and 25 are located between the cheek and the third molar and moved in the cutting plane 26. The scissors can be in a variety of sizes and used by surgeons in procedures where removal of tissue is made simpler. For example, if the tissue to be removed is in an area of limited access immediately below the surgeon, instead of the surgeonchanging his position or having someone across from him perform the excision, the reverse scissors can be used. It is to be understood that the above description is illustrative of this invention and that various modifications thereof can be utilized without departing from its spirit and scope.

Medical Scissors, Surgical Scissors, Surgical Scissors ManufacturersMedical Scissors, Surgical Scissors, Surgical Scissors Manufacturers

Medical Scissors, Surgical Scissors, Surgical Scissors Manufacturers Posted on May 5, 2012 A necessary component of the surgical tray, scissors come in the surgical sharps category. They are used for cutting or dissecting the tissues. They are also used for cutting sutures and bandages etc. Scissors are required for all types of surgeries. And there is a specific scissor for every single procedure. Surgical scissors are always required in any surgical procedure and valued for strength and dual-edge design which are not found in traditional scalpels and blades. These high precision cutting tools are manufactured to the highest specifications and can be autoclaved several times before any signs of corrosion appear. Materials Stainless Steels Zirconia Ceramic Nitinol Titanium Features When choosing the material of construction of surgical scissors, consider the following properties: Shape control during heat treat. Corrosion resistance. Wear Resistance. Influence on point or edge characteristics. Toughness or shock resistance. Size and finish. Variations of surgical scissors Surgical scissors are available in various shapes and sizes. They are available in various configurations like Bent Curved Hooked Large Small Straight Curved or straight tips Different blade and handle lengths Blunt/sharp blades Sharp/sharp blades Blunt/blunt blades Serrated and straight edged blades etc. These give the surgeon a wide range of options to choose from when planning a surgical cutting strategy. Bandage Scissors Dissecting Scissors Iris Scissors Operating Scissors Stitch Scissors Tenotomy Scissors Plastic Surgery Scissors

Medical Instrument

Medical Instrument Posted on May 5, 2012 Medical Instrument: Cherry Scissors Use: To cut Other Details: Very frequent in brain surgery. Medical Instrument: Cottle Angular Scissors A.K.A.: None Use: Cutting Other Details: Mainly used for cutting inside the nose. Medical Instrument: Facelift Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Used to cut tissue in cosmetic surgical procedures, not limited to facelifts. Medical Instrument: Hagar Scissors/Needle Holder Use: Suturing and Cutting Other Details: You get to slice the thread w/o changing the unit. Medical Instrument: Iris Scissors Use: Suturing/Cutting Other Details: Small surgical scissors for sharp dissection of tissue. Medical Instrument: Jorgenson Scissors Use: Suturing and Cutting Other Details: Mainly used for hysterectomies, Its a curved GYN scissors. Medical Instrument: Knight Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Used for suture inside the nasal cavitity. Also for cutting tissue. Medical Instrument: Littler Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Small tissue surgical scissors for suture passing. Medical Instrument: Curved Mayo Scissors Alias: Curved Mayos Other Details: Bigger than Metz frequently used for slicing tough tissue. Medical Instrument: Mayo Scissors Alias: Suture Scissors Other Details: Multi-function scissor, most often used for cutting suture. Medical Instrument: Metzenbaum Surgical Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Primarily to slice tissue. Medical Instrument: Potts Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Mainly for slicing down the shaft of the vessel in preparation for a graft. Medical Instrument: Sinus Scissors Use: To cut Other Details: For cutting tissue within the sinus cavities. Medical Instrument: Statinsky Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Vascualr scissors for large chest. Medical Instrument: Stevens Tenotomy Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Tiny dissection surgical scissors, very fine & sharp. Medical Instrument: Tenotomy Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Fine razor-edged dissection scissors Medical Instrument: Westcott Scissors Use: Cutting Other Details: Delicate scissors for facial cosmetic procedure. Searching for Medical Instrument Kinda of like Iris Scissors? Then swing by HNM Medical online Today! This “Surgical Instruments in Detail: Surgical Scissors” editorial is by Mathew I. Related Articles – medical instrument, surgical scissor, iris scissor,

The 3 different blade definitions

The 3 different blade definitions Posted on May 5, 2012 Most surgical scissors are manufactured with different blade types this all depends on the particular surgical practice being done by the doctor. The 3 different blade definitions are… Stainless Blades – The most common is the surgical scissors with stainless steel blades. The entire scissor is manufactured out of the exact same metal (stainless steel) and you should notice any ring colors. Tungsten Carbide Blades – Inserted only along the cutting surfaces of the blade is the metal tungsten carbide (A.K.A TC). These metal strips are much harder than stainless steel. When sharpened, this type of surgical scissor blades stay more sharp for a longer period of time and are attached to the stainless scissor by welding or vacuum brazing. These T.C. insert strips cannot be replaced once they become sharpened down. Tungsten carbide surgical scissors have gold rings to distinguish this design. Black Handled Surgical scissors – These surgical scissors are known as micro grind or super cut surgical scissors in the industry. The sharpening practice that is used to make these medical instruments is what makes it truly unique. This scissor will “knife” through whatever you will bring to it. All other surgical scissors crush, resulting in cutting, whereas the black handled scissor slices tissue. Black handled surgical scissors require special sharpening techniques using special medical equipment and must be re-sharpened three to four times a year. The unique features of these surgical scissors are the black colored rings. Gold Handled surgical scissors have cutting blades made of tungsten carbide. Becuase its rough and more harder, TC stay sharper longer. Inspect TC blades for cracks before tray assembly. If you see a crack, then send it back right away so the manufacture can replace it with the warranty.

curved blades and straight blades.

curved blades and straight blades. Posted on May 5, 2012 Surgical scissors are excellent surgical instruments for disection and for Focus Surgical Instruments. Most people are right-handed which is why many surgical scissors are created by the manufacturing company this way. Having a thumb-ring grip gives the greatest control & movability that applies max closing, torque & shear power using your natural grip movement of your right hand. You could find many different types of surgical scissors like there shapes and sizes, each of the surgical scissors have a name of a popular surgeon, there are 2 types for this: ones with curved blades and ones with straight blades. Surgical scissors with curved blades offer directional mobility, & visibility means you can have a smooth curve simply through tissue. The basic surgical scissor has a range of 15-20 degrees. Curved surgical scissors are extremely useful deep in a wound where horizontal cutting with good visibility is best. When cutting through rough tissue, straight surgical scissors have a big advantage. In certain cases, straight surgical scissors give additional of an accurate cut as opposed to the curved ones. Curved surgical scissors have 30 to 40 degree more mobility & visibility than straight ones. A significant selection of bone cutters are necessary surgical scissors for targeted purposes. Because of the resistance that bone offers to cutting, a plamed grip with surgical instruments, sometimes with two hands, is needed instead of the finger grip used with other surgical scissors. When the bone fragments spread. The jaws of the bone cutting medical tools close and easier with more tension. The tips of the blades, therefore, should be clear of any structure you do not desire to include in the cut. i.e., while using rib cutters it is proper to point the shears perpendicular to the chest wall with open blades as opposed to aimed toward the intercostal bundle. After you embark on a bite using the bone rongeurs, kerrisons or other cutters, all of the tension at the wound is rest to ease, so that the surgical instrument will not slip deeper as the bite is complete. When the only tension on the tissue is between the jaws of the surgical instruments, security is then gained. Surgical scissors can cut flaccid tissue successfully because the tissue is stabilized between the scissor blades. Surgical scissors cutting employs closing power, shear & torque to effect an exact cut. When you push cut you give a more smooth slice along the surface. “chewing” happens when you jagged and crusehd wound stuck between the blades of surgical scissors lacking in cutting force. When your cutting sutures with your scissor tip, look for the knot between the slightly spread blades, instead than underneath the surgical scissors. Try the left hand, the patient’s body, or some other structure thats stable be sure to steady the scissors when you do a delicate cut or when held by antoher person cutting sutures. When cutting a row of sutures, place the structure in your left hand so that each one becomes taut as you cut it & they do this so that the cut sutures are held out of the way. Focus Surgical Instruments can be achieved by spreading scissor blades between tissue planes or by achieving a probe or rake by using surgical scissors. Blind dissection is occasionally useful between tissue planes away from vital structures. for better visibility and maneuverability use curved scissors, whereas straight surgical scissors provide the greatest mechanical benefit when cutting tough, thick tissue.